HMRC says that Paymex applies to all IVAs not just consumer IVAs but it does not apply to PVAs or CVAs. In Lady & Kid, the ECJ rules on the scope of the unjust enrichment defence. The decision in Volkswagen Financial Services secures a significant win in the Tribunal to overturn HMRC policy on input tax recovery for HP businesses. In Slaby, the ECJ gives guidance on when a person disposing of land will be a taxable person liable to account for VAT.